Lessons

toc = **Femos Ayn - Anyo** = Lesson One - Greetings

// Anso **/** // Dialogue

// Anya! Wi namo malio(1). Ti namo ko(2)? //
 * // Malio: //

// Cono: // // Anya malio, wi namo cono. To ku? //

// Malio: // // Kalu, milo. Ce ye to(3)? //

// Cono: // // Se, wo ye kalu(4), milo. To fe ki oyo? //

// Malio: // // Wo fe tolonto ine kanadao. Ye to fe ki oyo? //

// Cono: // // Wo leisa ine nuyoko, mice wo laywenu fe kalifonyo. //

// Malio: // // To ka? //

// Cono: // // Wo kon-omo(5). Wo kona lago. // || Maria: Hello! My name is Maria. What is your name?

John: Hello Maria, my name is John. How are you?

Maria: Good, thanks. And you?

John: Yes, I am also good, thanks. Where are you from?

Maria: I am from Toronto in Canada. And where are you from?

John: I live in New York, but I am originally from California.

Maria: What do you do?

John: I am a student. I study law. ||

// Fiomb-isalos mwe ang-cengo //** / ** Footnotes with Grammar

1. The verb “to be” does not exist in Angos. But because of the strict Subject-Verb-Object word order, the meaning of “to be” can be understood.

// Wo kali // – I [am] good // Wi namo cono // – My name [is] John

2. Question words in Angos are placed where their answers would be in the sentence.

//Ti namo __ko__?// – What is your name? // Wi namo __cono__. // – My name is John

3. The question particle “//ce//” always goes at the beginning of the clause, and will always require a affirmative or negative answer.

//__ Ce __//// to kali? // – Are you good?

4. The particle “//ye//” may mean either “and” or “also”, depending on its position in the sentence.

// Wo kali __ye__ to kali // – I am good __and__ you are good // Wo __ye__ kali // – I am __also__ good

5. Compound words can be easily recognized by the hyphen (-) that occurs between the roots. In a compound word, the first root modifies the second root. //kon-omo// = student, a person who studies Literally: //kon// (study) + //omo// (person)

In Angos, words are classified in to three main groups: numbers, particles, and roots.
 * ** Numbers ** are the simple caridnal set (1,2,3...) and end in **//n//**.
 * ** Particles ** end in **//e//** and include conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections.
 * Roots have no set ending. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are all derived from roots using vowel classifiers:
 * Nouns ** end in **//o//**
 * Verbs ** end in **//a//**
 * Adjectives ** end in **//i//**
 * Adverbs ** end in **//u//**

A grammatical feature unique to Angos is the distinction between natural and man-made aspects. A man-made quality is denoted by adding an **//s//** to the end of a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.

// ango // – natural language (Spanish, English) // angos // – man-made language (Angos, Sindarin)

// Otali Kalimo **/** // New Words

Write down each word's part of speech

// anya // - hello, goodbye // ce // - question marker // fe - // from, of // ine // - in, inside // ka // - to do what action? // kalu // - good, well // ki - // which // kona - // study // kon-omo - // student // ku // - how // lago // - law, rule // laywenu // - originally // leisa - // to live (in a place) // mice // - but, although // namo // - name // omo // - person // oyo // - place // se - // yes // ti // - your // to - // you // wi // - my // wo // - I // ye // - and, also

// Omo // and //Oyo//

These words are used very often in compounds to denote a person (//omo//) who does something, or a place (//oyo//) where you can find something.

// kon-omo // (study + person) student // kon-oyos // (study + place) school // lag-omo // (law + person) lawyer // lag-oyo // s (law+place) courthouse

// Cinpo-ceos // / Exercises


 * // Aksala ideos kye cimuno tongwe cimun-kalimo lae te bokaa. //**
 * Rewrite the statement as a question using the given question word. **

// Bokaos // / Example: Malio fe tolonto. (ki) Malio fe ki oyo?

1. Cono kona lago. (ko)

2. Ti namo malio. (ce)

3. To kona. (ka)

4. Cono ye malio kalu (ku)

5. To ye kon-omo (ce)

6. Wo ine nuyoko (ki)

= Femos Don – Kafe-oyos = Lesson Two – The Café

// Anso **/** // Dialogue // Malio, ce to desa gia de kafe-oyos? //
 * // Cono: //

// Malio: // // Se! Los(1) de ki oyo? //

// Cono: // // Tafe kafe-oyos nife kon-oyos. Le(2) wo bisaa gia de di oyo. //

// ... //

// Malio: // // Fi oyo istinu meyi! //

// Kafe-omo: // // Anya! Lotane(3), to desa nestea ko? Ce to desa kafeo? //

// Malio: // // Nae, milo. Wo desa nestea bali cayos mwe moloko ye sugo. //

// Cono: // // Ye wo desa ayn lafi oski(4) kafeo ye ayn panio. // || John: Maria, do you want to go to the café?

Maria: Yes! Where is it?

John: There is a café near the school. We can go there.

...

Maria: This place is very pretty!

Barista: Hello! What would you like? Do you want coffee?

Maria: No thank you, I want a large tea with milk and sugar.

John: And I want one small black coffee and one water. ||

// Fiomb-isalos mwe ang-cengo //** / ** Footnotes with Grammar 1. //Lo// is the 3rd person pronoun, corresponding roughly to ‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘it’. In Angos, context distinguishes the gender of the subject or object. 2. //Le// signals the plural, and will be found immediately before a noun. 3. //Lotane// is used for politeness, and is roughly equivalent to ‘please’. 4. In standard Angos word order, the quantity is placed first, then the size, then color, and then the noun.

// Otali Kalimo **/** // New Words

Write down each word's part of speech

// ayn // - one // bali - // big, large, grand // bisaa // - can, be able to // cayos // - tea // de // - at, to, for // desa // - to want, to desire // di // - that // fi // - this // gia // - to walk, to go // istinu // - very, truly // kafeos // - coffee // kafe-oyos // - cafe, coffee shop // lafi // - small, tiny // le // - plural marker // lo // - he/she/it // lotane // - politeness marker // meyi // - pretty, beautiful // milo // - thanks // moloko // - milk // mwe // - with // nae // - no, not // nestea // - to drink // nife // - near // oski // - dark // panio // - water // tafe // - there is/there are

// Samac-kali Nesteo // / Popular Drinks

// biyalos - // beer // enegi-nesteos - // energy drink // gas-panios - // soda // hwa-soko - // fruit juice // kolaos // - cola // ofosy-soko - // vegetable juice // soy-moloko - // soy milk // waynos - // wine

What do you usually drink?
 * // To hemu nestea ko? //**

Wo hemu nestea...

= Femos Tin – Hawski Kodo = Lesson Three - Hobbies

// Anso **/** // Dialogue

// Ne(1) malio, to kala ka? //
 * // Cono: //

// Malio: // // Wo hemu kala kona ango mice wo ye kala wi-mekas. //

// Cono: // // Kali! To kona ki ango? //

// Malio: // // Wo kona cong-ango ye doyc-ango. Ye to kala ka? //

// Cono: // // Be wo nae ma(2), wo kala gem-mekas mice wo sefe(3) kala kas-ala. //

// Malio: // // Ce istini? To kala kas-alas ko? //

// Cono: // // Wo bisaa kasa ofosy-alos. //

// Malio: // // To sefame(4) kasa los de wo! // || John: So, Maria, what do you like to do?

Maria: I usually like to study language, but I also like to watch television.

John: Cool! Which language do you study?

Maria: I study Chinese and German. And what do you like to do?

John: If I’m not busy, I also like to play video games, but I most like to cook.

Maria: Really? What do you like cook?

John: I can make vegetarian dishes.

Maria: You should make one for me! ||

// Fiomb-isalos mwe ang-cengo //** / ** Footnotes with Grammar

1. The particle //ne// is used at the beginning of the sentence to soften the tone.

2. To say someone is busy, the verb //ma// is used, which translates to “doing something”. In this respect, //nae ma// means “not doing something” or “not busy”.

3. The superlative is formed with //sefe//, and can modify all parts of speech. //Sefe// //kala// is used when referring to favorites, such as in the sentence //Wo sefe kala nuyoko// (“I like New York most”).

4. The particle //sefame// is used for suggestions and is placed before the verb or noun it describes.

// Otali Kalimo **/** // New Words

// be // - if, when // cong-ango // - Chinese language // doyc-ango // - German language // gem-mekas // - video game // hawski // - fun, amusing // hemu // - usually // istini // - true, real, actual // kala // - like, favor // kasa // - make, produce // kas-alas // - cook // kodo // - activity, action // ma // - do something // nae // - no, not // ne // - so, then, well // ofosy-alos // - vegetarian dish // sefe // - most, -est // sefame // - suggestion particle //wi-mekas// - watch television

// Samac-kali Hawski Kodo // / Popular Hobbies

Below are some popular hobbies. What do you like to do in your free time?

build/make things - //kasas// collect - //sola// dance - //laksa// draw - //witas// exercise - //isoma// garden - //mag-ten-eyfa// hunt - //petas// listen to music - //ela musiko// martial arts - //sukob-sanata// paint - //kalomas// play games/sports - //gema// play music - //musika// read - //buka// repair things - //entayas// sing - //songa// write - //aksalas//

// Wo kala.... // // Wo nae kala.... //